Pressure Conversion Principles

Pressure is the force exerted per unit area. Different units are used across various industries:

• PSI (Pounds per Square Inch) – Common in automotive and industrial applications.
• Bar – Used in meteorology and engineering.
• Millibar (mbar) – Often used in atmospheric pressure readings.
• Pascal (Pa) & Kilopascal (kPa) – SI unit for pressure, used in science and engineering.
• Inches of Mercury (Hg) – Used in aviation and weather measurement.

Pressure can be converted using known factors, with **1 Bar = 14.5038 PSI** and **1 PSI = 6.89476 kPa**.

Airflow Conversion Principles

Airflow measures the volume of air moving per unit time, commonly used in engine tuning, HVAC, and fluid dynamics:

• CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute) – Common in automotive and industrial applications.
• M³/min (Cubic Meters per Minute) – Used for high-volume airflow calculations.
• L/s (Liters per Second) – SI metric unit for airflow.
• M³/h (Cubic Meters per Hour) – Common for large-scale air movement.
• L/min (Liters per Minute) – Useful for lower-volume applications.

Conversions are based on standard volume exchange rates, where **1 CFM ≈ 28.3168 L/min**.

Temperature Conversion Principles

Temperature measures heat intensity, and different scales are used worldwide:

• Celsius (°C) – Used in most of the world for daily temperature readings.
• Fahrenheit (°F) – Common in the United States.
• Kelvin (K) – SI unit, used in scientific applications.
• Rankine (°R) – Used in thermodynamic calculations.
• Réaumur (°Re) – Historically used in Europe.

Conversions include **°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32** and **K = °C + 273.15**.

Llandow Tuning Technical Resources

These calculators are provided free of charge and without warranty. While we strive for accuracy, we recommend verifying critical calculations. If you have any technical or mathematical questions regarding their use, feel free to reach out to us.